BOOK REVIEW - Lewis casts shortsellers as paragons of courage and virtue

Twenty years ago, when I worked at Salomon Brothers, every person on Wall Street had read two books: Frank J. Fabozzi's Fixed Income Analysis and Michael Lewis' Liars' Poker. The latter was Lewis' debut, a devastating account of his four- year career as a bond trader at Salomon, which culminated in the crash of 1988. He has gone on to write bestsellers on politics (Trail Fever), Silicon Valley (The New New Thing), sports (Money- ball, The Blind Side) and father- hood (Home Game). The man, as they say, has range. Still, Lewis is best known for writing about money and the people who will do anything to make it, so it's not surprising that two decades after leaving Wall Street he has returned to survey the scene of the latest crash. The Big Short is a chronicle of four sets of players in the sub- prime mortgage market who had the foresight and gumption to short the diciest mortgage deals: Steve Eisman of FrontPoint, Greg Lippmann at Deutsche Bank, the three part- ners at Cornwall Capital, and most indelibly, Michael Burry of Scion Capital. They all walked away from the rubble with pock- ets full of gold and reputations as geniuses. Short-sellers are usually cast as villains, but by pitting them against the deluded complacen- cy of most in the finance indus- try, Lewis turns them into para- gons of courage and virtue. Like all great storytellers, he loads the dice. We hear from the good guys' wives and learn plenty about the personal traumas they've overcome. The bad guys wear their hair slicked back and say stupid, venal things. Their wives were not interviewed. If subtlety is scarce in The Big Short, the story is nevertheless told with a brisk and riveting style. Lewis does an extraordi- nary job elucidating the perils of shorting the very bonds that bu- oyed the American economy af- ter 11 September 2001, and made a fortune for every firm on the Street. He also explains the arcane details of these securities with surprising fluidity. Lewis shows how the risky, subordinate bonds in structures of subprime mortgages (or towers as he calls them) were shuffled together to make the misunderstood and extremely unstable collateral- ized debt obligations (CDOs) and--hang in there folks, almost done--how insurance policies called credit default swaps (CDS) were created to short, or bet against, the CDOs and sub- prime structures. Strong as he is on exotic secu- rities, Lewis is at his best work- ing with characters. Burry is ren- dered most vividly. A loner from a young age, in part because he had a glass eye that made it diffi- cult to look people in the face, Burry excelled at topics that re- quired intense and isolated con- centration. Originally, investing was just a hobby while he pursued a career in medicine. As a resident neurosurgeon at Stanford Hospital in the late 1990s, he often stayed up half the night typing his ideas onto a message board. Unbe- knownst to him, professional money managers began to read and profit from his freely dis- pensed insight. Burry's obsession with finding undervalued companies eventu- ally led him to realize that his own home in San Jose, Californ- ia, was grossly overpriced, along with houses all over the country. He wrote to a friend: A large por- tion of the current (housing) de- mand at current prices would disappear if only people became convinced that prices weren't rising. The collateral damage is likely to be orders of magnitude worse than anyone now consid- ers. This was in 2003. Through exhaustive research, Burry understood that subprime mortgages would be the fuse and that the bonds based on these mortgages would start to blow up within as little as two years, when the original teaser rates expired. But Burry did something that separated him from all the other housing bears--he found an efficient way to short the market by per- suading Goldman Sachs to sell him a CDS against subprime deals he saw as doomed. A unique feature of these swaps was that he did not have to own the asset to insure it, and over time, the trade in these contracts overwhelmed the actual market in the underlying bonds. Lewis does not let the me- chanics of the process cloud the drama, and his renowned eye for colour is as sharp as ever. He explores the trade shows in Orlando and Las Vegas where thousands of industry insiders gathered to pat themselves on the back, talk shop, and shoot Uzis. It wasn't entirely smooth sail- ing for Lewis's heroes, though. Burry, for one, saw the crisis forming so early that, as the reckoning kept getting pushed into the future, he struggled to hold on to his investors. After he ran up losses in consecutive years, he had to resort to ques- tionable methods to retain his investors' money. If his assets under management dropped below a certain threshold, Gold- man and American Interna- tional Group could walk away from their swaps. Some of Bur- ry's investors started entertain- ing litigation. Even when default rates ini- tially started rising, bond prices held firm. It wasn't until 31, Jan- uary 2007, that the index of sub- prime bonds suffered its first ever one-point drop. According to Lewis, that was the day the market cracked. What Lewis fails to note is that the day prior, Lewis himself had filed a column for Bloomberg News from Davos mocking Nou- riel Roubini's warning that the risk of a crisis happening is ris- ing. Such forecasts of doom came from people with no talent for risk-taking gather(ed) to imagine what actual risk takers might do, Lewis wrote. The headline described them as Wimps, Ninnies, Pointless Skep- tics. In The Big Short, Lewis recog- nizes he was wrong. The ninnies have inherited the earth. Twenty years ago, when I worked at Salomon Brothers, every person on Wall Street had read two books: Frank J. Fabozzi's Fixed Income Analysis and Michael Lewis' Liars' Poker. The latter was Lewis' debut, a devastating account of his four- year career as a bond trader at Salomon, which culminated in the crash of 1988. He has gone on to write bestsellers on politics (Trail Fever), Silicon Valley (The New New Thing), sports (Money- ball, The Blind Side) and father- hood (Home Game). The man, as they say, has range. Still, Lewis is best known for writing about money and the people who will do anything to make it, so it's not surprising that two decades after leaving Wall Street he has returned to survey the scene of the latest crash. The Big Short is a chronicle of four sets of players in the sub- prime mortgage market who had the foresight and gumption to short the diciest mortgage deals: Steve Eisman of FrontPoint, Greg Lippmann at Deutsche Bank, the three part- ners at Cornwall Capital, and most indelibly, Michael Burry of Scion Capital. They all walked away from the rubble with pock- ets full of gold and reputations as geniuses. Short-sellers are usually cast as villains, but by pitting them against the deluded complacen- cy of most in the finance indus- try, Lewis turns them into para- gons of courage and virtue. Like all great storytellers, he loads the dice. We hear from the good guys' wives and learn plenty about the personal traumas they've overcome. The bad guys wear their hair slicked back and say stupid, venal things. Their wives were not interviewed. If subtlety is scarce in The Big Short, the story is nevertheless told with a brisk and riveting style. Lewis does an extraordi- nary job elucidating the perils of shorting the very bonds that bu- oyed the American economy af- ter 11 September 2001, and made a fortune for every firm on the Street. He also explains the arcane details of these securities with surprising fluidity. Lewis shows how the risky, subordinate bonds in structures of subprime mortgages (or towers as he calls them) were shuffled together to make the misunderstood and extremely unstable collateral- ized debt obligations (CDOs) and--hang in there folks, almost done--how insurance policies called credit default swaps (CDS) were created to short, or bet against, the CDOs and sub- prime structures. Strong as he is on exotic secu- rities, Lewis is at his best work- ing with characters. Burry is ren- dered most vividly. A loner from a young age, in part because he had a glass eye that made it diffi- cult to look people in the face, Burry excelled at topics that re- quired intense and isolated con- centration. Originally, investing was just a hobby while he pursued a career in medicine. As a resident neurosurgeon at Stanford Hospital in the late 1990s, he often stayed up half the night typing his ideas onto a message board. Unbe- knownst to him, professional money managers began to read and profit from his freely dis- pensed insight. Burry's obsession with finding undervalued companies eventu- ally led him to realize that his own home in San Jose, Californ- ia, was grossly overpriced, along with houses all over the country. He wrote to a friend: A large por- tion of the current (housing) de- mand at current prices would disappear if only people became convinced that prices weren't rising. The collateral damage is likely to be orders of magnitude worse than anyone now consid- ers. This was in 2003. Through exhaustive research, Burry understood that subprime mortgages would be the fuse and that the bonds based on these mortgages would start to blow up within as little as two years, when the original teaser rates expired. But Burry did something that separated him from all the other housing bears--he found an efficient way to short the market by per- suading Goldman Sachs to sell him a CDS against subprime deals he saw as doomed. A unique feature of these swaps was that he did not have to own the asset to insure it, and over time, the trade in these contracts overwhelmed the actual market in the underlying bonds. Lewis does not let the me- chanics of the process cloud the drama, and his renowned eye for colour is as sharp as ever. He explores the trade shows in Orlando and Las Vegas where thousands of industry insiders gathered to pat themselves on the back, talk shop, and shoot Uzis. It wasn't entirely smooth sail- ing for Lewis's heroes, though. Burry, for one, saw the crisis forming so early that, as the reckoning kept getting pushed into the future, he struggled to hold on to his investors. After he ran up losses in consecutive years, he had to resort to ques- tionable methods to retain his investors' money. If his assets under management dropped below a certain threshold, Gold- man and American Interna- tional Group could walk away from their swaps. Some of Bur- ry's investors started entertain- ing litigation. Even when default rates ini- tially started rising, bond prices held firm. It wasn't until 31, Jan- uary 2007, that the index of sub- prime bonds suffered its first ever one-point drop. According to Lewis, that was the day the market cracked. What Lewis fails to note is that the day prior, Lewis himself had filed a column for Bloomberg News from Davos mocking Nou- riel Roubini's warning that the risk of a crisis happening is ris- ing. Such forecasts of doom came from people with no talent for risk-taking gather(ed) to imagine what actual risk takers might do, Lewis wrote. The headline described them as Wimps, Ninnies, Pointless Skep- tics. In The Big Short, Lewis recog- nizes he was wrong. The ninnies have inherited the earth.